Use an asterisk (“*”) as a wildcard to apply the setting to all styles. The name of the style you specify as a property of the control. The style settings override the Swing look and feel global and control-level settings. These are examples of statements for the Swing look and feel at the control level: +TextField.inactiveBackground=#CCCCCC +Button.font=Arial 11Įach control has a property where a style name can be specified.Ĭorresponding styles must be pre-defined in the properties file. You specify Swing component names without the “J” prefix (such as “Button” for “JButton”). These settings override the Swing look and feel global level settings. Syntax: Property name (“font”, “color”, “dimension”, “inset”, or “image”) must be specified after the equals sign, followed by the value enclosed in parentheses: +FormLayout.insets=insets (1,2,1,2)Įxamples of Swing look and feel global level statements +text=#FFFFFF +textText=#003366 +textHighlight=#0066aa +textHighlightText=#ffffff +textInactiveText=#c0c0c0 +control=#E9F1F8 The statements for the Swing look and feel in the properties file start with a plus sign (“+”) The settings in the Swing look and feel are passed to which manages .Ĭhanges to the Swing look and feel can be done at the global level or the control level. The Swing look and feel includes settings for UIResource classes for fonts, colors, dimensions, insets, and images. A user style can extend or override default style definitions (styles defined at the end of the file have higher precedence over settings in the top of the file. The style sheet inherits the locale support provided by, as well as predefined ‘base’ styles. Only one style sheet file allowed per workspace. The properties file is located at the application’s root package (at the same location as “workspace.xml”). The style sheet properties file is a text file named “style.properties” which contains styles definitions. Once invoked, the control appearance is adjusted according styles defined in the style sheetĬlient appearance can be customized through This method is used to set a named style for the control. The Smart Client Look and Feel is defined in a style sheet properties file named style.properties.Įach UI control has a ‘style’ property where a style name can be specified.Ĭorresponding styles must be pre-defined in the properties file ( style.properties).Ĭontrol’s style can be changed at runtime using the method tStyle(String style). It works in conjunction with currently active Swing’s look and feel and Swing’s controls (Only Windows XP LAF supported). It handles presentation for Smart Client UIF custom controls & states. The “look and feel” (LAF) describes the appearance of UI components. The term is used in reference to both software and websites”. The term can also refer to aspects of an API, mostly to parts of an API which are not related to its functional properties. “A term used in software design, in respect of a graphical user interface and comprises aspects of its design, including elements such as colors, shapes, layout, and typefaces (the “look”), as well as the behavior of dynamic elements such as buttons, boxes, and menus (the “feel”). Trending Questions What is a A Postal Campaign? What is the penalty in Ohio for 16 year old first offense improper start? What is the population of West Liberty Foods? What are other structures in a homeowners insurance policy? Can you make me a sentence using the word outcome? Is there a 5 mile grace period in a 50 mph zone on a highway in California like if your going 53 in a 50mph zone and get a ticket is it worth fighting? Where is the vccv word in this sentence Rihanna's dog is such a rascal? What are the postal codes for every state in the US? Do active military pay into social security? What is Odious? Can you give me a sentence using the word wait? How to apply New zealand eTA? A worker is paid Rs20- for a full days work He works 1132318.Smart Client Look and Feel About look and feel
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hard to maintain especially when many rules are added to the system.not flexible, limiting the conversation flow and personalization.However, rule-based chatbots are typically Predictable, meaning they do not go off the rails and say unacceptable things.Rule-based chatbots have the following benefits: Rule-based chatbots map out conversations like a flowchart via a series of predefined rules designed to solve specific problems or achieve particular goals. With multilingual datasets available for training NLP models, AI chatbots can be programmed to recognize different languages.For example, they can speak in a fun or formal way. Customize the conversation language according to the user.They support digital workers that can understand employee queries and assist them to complete tasks.They serve complex customer queries thanks to both more advanced conversational capabilities and intent understanding.AI chatbots generate their own answers by analyzing the user’s intent and goal of the conversation. AI chatbot / conversational AI systemĪI chatbots use machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) to lead a conversation with the user. This article divides conversational AI into five primary sub-categories in an effort to assist executives in finding appropriate conversational AI solutions. These solutions allow people to ask questions, find support, or complete tasks remotely.ĭespite the fact that there are numerous conversational AI/chatbot solutions available to organizations, not all of them are suitable to your organization’s needs due to their different characteristics. Conversational AI is any software that a person can talk to, whether it is a chatbot, social messaging app, interactive agent, smart device or digital worker. This auction is not a definitive valuation of the treasure-not all of the items in the chest were up for sale, after all-but we now know that you can buy a decent chunk of Fenn’s curiosities for less than the asking price of a two-bedroom condo in Boulder, Colorado. Nevertheless, news reports over the years have thrown around estimates of $1 million to $5 million. “I’m happy that today those people finally have the opportunity to do so, with a large number of items from which to choose.”įenn, who died in 2020 at age 90, admitted he never knew how much the treasure was actually worth. “After my identity was revealed almost two years ago, some fans of the treasure hunt reached out to tell me they hoped they could purchase an item from the treasure to commemorate their own adventures searching for it,” Stuef wrote. In a blog post last month, Stuef said he no longer owns any of the treasure and has no financial interest in its sale. Hundreds of coins from Forrest Fenn’s treasure chest were up for auction. A few of the items, including the chest and dragon bracelet, were kept by the proprietors of Tesouro Sagrado Holdings. The Dallas-based auction house acquired the bulk of the treasure from Tesouro Sagrado Holdings, LLC, which bought the chest from Michigan native Jack Stuef, the man who found Fenn’s treasure in 2020. Five people died while looking for the cache. Fenn, a New Mexico-based art dealer and author, hid a treasure estimated to be worth over 1 million somewhere in the Rocky Mountains in 2010. As of September 2020, there is no confirmation that Forrest Fenn’s treasure has been found. One man served time in prison for digging up graves at Yellowstone National Park. Has Forrest Fenn Treasure Been Found 2020 Credit: Pinterest. Obsessives searched far and wide in pursuit of the riches, with a 24-line poem as their only clue. The sale is yet another wrinkle in the saga sparked by Fenn in 2010, when the late art dealer hid the chest filled with gold and jewels somewhere in the Rocky Mountains. (Photo: Heritage Auctions, HA.com) A small glass jar that apparently contains a 20,000-word autobiography of Forrest Fenn. In his 2010 memoir The Thrill of the Chase, Fenn wrote that he included the autobiography “because maybe the lucky finder would want to know a little about the foolish person who abandoned such an opulent cache.” A 3.5 inch, 549-gram Alaskan gold nugget from Forrest Fenn’s treasure chest sold for $55,200. The next highest price was for a wax-sealed glass jar purportedly containing Fenn’s 20,000-word autobiography, which went for $48,000. In total, the sale generated $1,307,946.Īll 476 artifacts in the collection were sold, and a total of 1,643 people placed bids for a piece of the fortune, Heritage Auctions communications director Robert Wilonsky told Outside.Ī 549-gram Alaskan gold nugget brought in the most cash, with the highest bidder taking it home for $55,200. “To all of those who did not find the treasure, we hope that you got some enjoyment from the chase,” Fenn closed the post saying.The online auction of items from Forrest Fenn’s famed treasure chest closed on Tuesday. But while recovering from cancer, he decided he wanted to attract. Forrest Fenn is a military veteran and an art collector. Fenn previously stated that he’d hidden a 12th-century bronze chest that weighed 20 pounds by itself and was filled with 22 pounds of gold coins, gold nuggets and other valuables.Īt least four people died in search of Fenn’s treasure over the years. For over a decade, thousands have flocked to the Rocky Mountains in search of a supposed treasure worth at least 2 million. A previous report only said that the treasure finder was an anonymous man from “back East” who sent Fenn a picture of the chest to prove he actually found it.Ī poem in Fenn’s book included nine clues on where to find the treasure. The treasure was found in early June after more than 10 years of being hidden. “Perhaps today’s announcement will bring some closure to those whose solves were in New Mexico, Colorado, or Montana.”įenn left clues for a treasure chest filled with $1 million worth of gold and jewels that he hid somewhere in the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming and Montana in his 2010 book, “The Thrill of the Chase.” “Until he found the treasure, the treasure had not moved in the 10 years since I left it there on the ground, and walked away,” Fenn wrote in the blog post. However, Fenn said that the treasure discoverer “understands how important some closure is for many searchers, so…he agreed that we should reveal that the treasure was found in Wyoming.” In a blog post, Fenn wrote that many of the people who searched for his treasure were curious where the lucky hunter found it, but he wanted to keep the person’s identity and the location secret. Author Forrest Fenn confirmed this week that his treasure chest filled with $1 million worth of valuables was found in Wyoming. Get them from Amazon for $48+ (available in sizes 5–13 and 22 styles). This is my best shoe purchase on Amazon, I'm just so impressed." - Azure Look They don't pinch or and my foot doesn't slip around inside them. Sure you can get other Chelsea-style boots for like $35–$45 but they are usually super uncomfortable, these just feel so nice. They look basically identical and are ridiculously comfy. Promising review: "I'm so happy I bought these! They are an excellent alternative to spending $1,200 on the Prada Chelsea boots. Reviewers also compare the look of these to Prada's lug sole Chelsea boots. Highly recommend if you're looking for your new staple boot! I got them in my normal size and they fit just fine, even with my thick wool socks. I love that they'll go with practically all of my outfits, and every friend I've worn these around have complimented them + asked where I got them (most people wouldn't guess they're from Amazon!). I've also worn them in the pouring rain and my feet haven't gotten the least bit wet. I've worn them for miles at a time all around NYC, and they haven't hurt my feet one bit. Martens, but wasn't ready to drop the money on them. I wanted something a little more stylish and have always loved the look of classic Dr. I bought these when my old pair of go-to black boots finally bit the dust after years of use. Prime members: You can try before you buy! Here’s how src/CMakeLists.txt looks: add_executable(example_exe main.cpp) It’s actually a bit more complex, but it’s okay to think about it as “include” at the beginning.įor example, if you have an examples directory, it’s good to have a examples/CMakeLists.txt which will just be a bunch of add_subdirectory calls for each sub-directory and example/some_example/CMakeLists.txt will be a build script which contains information on how to build some_example. I’ve seen a lot of people getting VERSION from a current Git tag or some changelog file, but we’ll not go here in this tutorial.Īdd_subdirectory() is like an “include” and can be thought of as an inclusion of /CMakeLists.txt into another CMake file. It can be used to generate “version” headers (see Generate Export Header), write some output in a terminal and so on. VERSION option specifies a current version of your project. If you’re doing C or C++ project, it’s optional to specify it, but it’s still useful as a “meta-data” for people who’re reading your CMake build. By default it’s C and CXX, but there are a lot of other options available for you (like CUDA or Fortran). LANGUAGES option in a project call defines a language which your project uses so that CMake knows what kind of builds to generate. it can run unit tests, linters and so on). The target can be an executable, a library or even something which doesn’t produce any files after it’s built (e.g. One project can have multiple “targets” (which roughly correspond to “projects” in VS). The project is similar to a concept of “solution” in Visual Studio terminology. I’d recommend using something like CMake 3.8.2 or newer, unless you want to support very old distributions and users who don’t want to upgrade to newer versions for some reason.Īfter cmake_minimum_required, we have a project declaration: project(example Another way of choosing is to look at other popular libraries and choose the same version.įor example, JSON for modern C++ and fmt use CMake 3.1. You can find the version of CMake that is available for various distros here. If you’re writing a library, it’s better to stick to the lowest version of CMake that makes sense for you. CMake constantly evolves and it’s better to use the latest version for your project as each one brings handy new features, better compiler integration and bug fixes. The first line sets up a required minimal version of CMake which can be used to build the project. It’s simple: cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15) Let’s start with a CMakeLists.txt from a root directory. Some notes about libraries which don’t behave wellįirst, let’s create a bunch of files and directories so that we have a structure like this.Using FetchContent with local source directories.Adding Dear ImGui and ImGui-SFML as dependencies. Nike Mercurial Vapor XI - RacingPink/White/Black "Motion Blur Pack" Nike Magista Opus II - White/Volt/Black "Motion Blur Pack" Nike Magista Obra II - White/Volt/Black "Motion Blur Pack"Īdidas Ace 17+ PureControl - SolaGreen/CoreGreen/Black/Gold "Turbocharge Pack"Īdidas Ace 17.1 Primeknit - Green/Turquoise/Black/Gold "Turbocharge Pack"Īdidas Ace 17.1 K-Leather - SolarGreen/CoreBlack/White "Turbocharge Pack"Īdidas X 16.1 Leather - White/SolarGreen/Black "Turbocharge Pack"Īdidas Messi 16+ PureAgility - CopperMetallic/SolarGreen/Black "Turbocharge Pack"Īdidas Messi 16.1 - CopperMetallic/SolarGreen/Black "Turbocharge Pack" Nike Tiempo Legend VI - White/Blue "Revolution Pack" Nike Tiempo Legend VI - White/ElectroGreen/Black "Motion Blur Pack" Nike Hypervenom III DF - Black/Black/Anthracite/Metallic Silver "Revolution Pack" Nike Hypervenom III low-cut - White/Black/PhotoBlue "Motion Blur Pack" Nike Hypervenom III DF - White/Black/PhotoBlue "Motion Blur Pack" Puma One 18.1 - ColourShift/BiscayGreen/PumaBlack "World Cup Pack"Īdidas X 16+ PureChaos - SolarGreen/CoreGreen/CoreBlack "Turbocharge Pack" Under Armour Magnetico Pro - TealPunch/BluMoroccanĪdidas Nemeziz 18.1 Messi - Green "Energy Mode Pack"Īdidas Nemeziz 18.1 - Zest/CoreBlack/SolarRed "Energy Mode Pack" Puma Future 2.1 Netfit - Silver/Turquoise "World Cup Pack" New Scoreborads Update Champions League, Russian Premier League, Baclays Premier League New Turfs + Graphics Real Texture Converted FIFA 19 Lineups udpated according to group matchesįixed jersey names according to real world cup ones Be sure to not a start Career Mode while this option is selected or your game will get corrupted. In case you would like to start a Career select this one.ī) Game Mode Tournaments ( No Career Mode) : This option will add new tournaments to Game Modes / Tournaments : UEFA CL, UEFA Europa League, World Cup, Confederations Cup, Copa America and Euro. Fixed missing Zorya Luhansk in Europa League.Ī) Career Mode Tournaments : You will have default tournaments in Game Modes / Tournaments. Added alternative kits Premier League and Serie A Added Third Kits for West Bromwich, Leipzig, Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Real Groups in Europa League & Champions League ( Career and Tournament ) Added Slavia Prague, Apollon Limasol, Varda and Fastav Zlin Updated rosters for all european teams in UEFA Teams La Boutique du Vin sells a selection of specialty wines, beers, and ciders alongside kits and ingredients for crafting your own drink. They also offer on-site winemaking, soda stream filling, sparkling wine production, grain grinding, and craft brewing for your unique drink. New wines and spirits are available in limited numbers every Thursday and there is also free home delivery.įounded in 1991 Boutique du Vin Rive stocks a wide range of wines, both house brands and limited editions, beers, cider, accessories, and much more. The purpose of the SAQ Sélection is to trade alcoholic drinks by supplying a diverse selection of high-quality products in all regions. Couillard Street Grocery Store at 27 Rue Couillard.Boutique du Vin Rive at 5425 Bd Guillaume-Couture.The Duchess D’Aiguillon at 469 Rue Saint-Jean.Boires Ville de Québec at 281 Couronne St.SAQ Sélection at 2828 Boulevard Laurier.Whether you want to buy a case of beer, some vodka, tequila, wine, or just about any other alcoholic drink you should be able to get them at any of these best liquor stores and wine shops in Quebec City: Best Liquor Stores & Wine Shops In Quebec City And everyone is welcome to read some of our other posts on wine, liquor, and beer around Canada. Towards the end you will find an alcohol map for your area with all of the various venues we are mentioning pinned on it. Wineries and vineyards in your area will get a shout out, and we will wrap this up by mentioning some of the best local happy hours where you can buy cheap alcoholic drinks after your work day ends. Up next we will dive into the best breweries and beer bars near you, and a list of Quebec City wine bars will follow that up. Enjoy Drinking Wine, Liquor, & Beer In Quebec City.Best Liquor Stores & Wine Shops In Quebec City. Since negative ion concentrations are greatest outside, the best option for increasing your exposure is to spend time in nature. Get outside to reap the benefits of negative ion exposure. Have you ever marveled at how good you feel after a nice shower? You were creating your own negative ions. At home, showers count as moving water too. Who knows what the breeze from the trees will carry your way. If you would like to increase the amount of negative ions in your home or work place, consider live plants or (if your seasonal allergies allow it) simply open the windows and let in some fresh air. Research has yet to prove the benefits of artificially created negative ion sources. Do these generators work? Of course the companies selling them would respond with a hearty “yes!” but the jury is still out. Speaking of environments, companies are now selling negative ion generators for people to use in their homes and work spaces. Yes, it would appear, the environment in which you exercise may play a role in its effectiveness. Tai Chi in this instance) paired with negative ion exposure produced better health effects than exercise alone. In this study, exercise (in the form of There may be benefits to exercising outside. Theories suggest that negative ions increase serotonin levels to boost our mood and energy, alleviate depression and provide stress-relief. In this study both bright light and negative air ion exposure were shown to alleviate chronic non-seasonal depression as well as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). OK, so maybe science makes your eyes glaze over and I lost you at “fifth grade science class” but there is a reason for the lesson: studies show exposure to negative ions has a direct impact on our mood and well-being. Rainstorms, waterfalls and beaches are natural negative ion generators. Thus the concentration of negative ions is greater in the atmosphere near moving water. Negative ions are smaller and lighter and are more likely to become airborne while positive ions are heavier and tend to fall to the ground. Plants, air movement, sunlight and the radioactive decay of noble gases also naturally create them.īecause ions are charged, they are mobile. Negative ions are generated in large quantities as air molecules break apart from moving water like rain showers, rivers, crashing waves and even fountains. If the protons outnumber the electrons, the atom becomes a positively charged ion (cation). When the number of electrons on the outside is greater than the number of protons in the middle, the atom becomes a negatively charged ion (anion). Electrons are those little particles that energetically swirl around the nucleus of protons and neutrons. Atoms are made up of protons, neutron and electrons. Let’s take a trip back to basic fifth grade science class. In fact, waterfalls are natural negative ion generators. Not a bunch of hooey, negative ions are a naturally occurring phenomenon. Panorama of Tropical waterfall Phnom Kulen, Cambodia Once this happens, the salt is dissolved, resulting in a homogeneous solution.When people talk about health, you may hear them refer to negative and positive ions floating around us and consider it a bunch of woo-woo oddness with no basis in science or reason. After the salt compounds are pulled apart, the sodium and chloride atoms are surrounded by water molecules, as this diagram shows. Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together. Essentially, a tug-of-war ensues with the water molecules winning the match. The positively-charged side of the water molecules are attracted to the negatively-charged chloride ions and the negatively-charged side of the water molecules are attracted to the positively-charged sodium ions. When salt is mixed with water, the salt dissolves because the covalent bonds of water are stronger than the ionic bonds in the salt molecules. Likewise, a water molecule is ionic in nature, but the bond is called covalent, with two hydrogen atoms both situating themselves with their positive charge on one side of the oxygen atom, which has a negative charge. The bonds in salt compounds are called ionic because they both have an electrical charge-the chloride ion is negatively charged and the sodium ion is positively charged. It also depicts how a charge, such as on an ion (Na or Cl, for example) can interact with a water molecule.Īt the molecular level, salt dissolves in water due to electrical charges and due to the fact that both water and salt compounds are polar, with positive and negative charges on opposite sides in the molecule. This diagram shows the positive and negative parts of a water molecule. A layer of buildings with holes that allow your mounts to slip through but block Wyverns is sufficient. Stealing allows high-level wild Wyverns to keep laying new eggs for players, while Snatching is a safer way provided that sufficient combat power is being put against pursuing Wyverns.īuilding a trap near to either trap or kill pursuing wild Wyverns can take off some of the pressure when getting an egg. The common processes of obtaining a Wyvern Egg can be divided into Stealing or Snatching, sometimes both. Gas Masks are highly recommended for Poison Wyverns and Whips can make for quickly snatching eggs and then remounting to spare some time allowing for collection of multiple eggs in a single attempt. On Fjordur Wyverns Eggs are scattered across different realm based on their element: Fire is found in Balheimr at Midgard, Poison in Vannaheim, Ice in Jotunheim and Lightning in Asgard respectively. On Valguero Wyvern Eggs can be found in the Great Trench (only Ice Wyvern ones) and the adjoining cave (only Fire Wyvern ones). Ice Wyvern Eggs are not found in the trench, but can instead be found in the Murdersnow around the area where Ice Wyverns spawn. Like on Scorched Earth, the nests are found in indentations along the walls. On Ragnarok, Wyvern Eggs can be found in the Wyvern Cave as well as the Dragonmalte Trench, which is between Murdersnow and the northern Highlands. Upon stealing the egg, any nearby wild Wyverns will begin to attack the player. Along the walls there are many indentations, some of which will contain a nest with a Wyvern Egg. On Scorched Earth Wyvern Eggs are only found in The World Scar near the blue and red obelisks. The incubation time can be reduced by up to 20% if the egg is placed in an Egg Incubator at the ideal temperature.īreeding Wyverns must be of the same element type (I.E: Two Poison). The female Wyvern needs between 18h and 2d before having the capacity to lay eggs again. It must be in the temperature range of 80 to 90 ☌ / 176 to 194 ☏ to successfully hatch, otherwise it will start to lose Health. If you fail to lose the aggro on the Carcharodontosaurus and lack an extremely fast air mount, they can and will follow you back to your base, which could have disastrous results, one way to lose them is to fly over water, once they are far out, you fly back to base, they wont catch up to you then.The Wyvern Egg takes 4h 59m 58.561s to hatch. Facing a Carcharodontosaurus (or two) on land is generally a bad idea, as their immense damage and the immediate aggression from picking up an egg requires a quick plan of escape or a well planned counterattack. If the egg is located on a beach, an amphibious mount is also an option. If one discovers a Carcharodontosaurus egg and wishes to retrieve it, an extremely fast flying mount and quick ascent are absolutely necessary. The incubation time can be reduced by up to 20% if the egg is placed in an Egg Incubator at the ideal temperature.Ī Player picking up one in the presence of nearby Carcharodontosaurus (Excluding domesticated Carcharodontosaurus), will cause them to become hostile and attack the Player, which is an extremely dangerous action. before having the capacity to lay eggs again. Expression error: Unexpected >= operator. The Carcharodontosaurus Egg takes Expression error: Unexpected >= operator. On the other hand, you can home-build a completely glued boat. It's not like you're in a factory, working with clean new lumber and tight temp & moisture control. I'm not sure I trust site-glued connections, for structural work. If you are planning to put ceramic tile on the floor I suggest you reconsider because of the compromised stiffness of the structure. Someone should stand by with a fire extinguisher and the wood should be shielded and wetted before welding in the area. You would have to be very careful about starting a fire when working around that old wood. Someone would have to design the truss and attachments. If you want to do it with steel, then someone skilled with a welder could fabricate an open truss around those pipes to carry the loads. It is certainly possible to replace the support with a shallow steel beam but it would be expensive unless you can get steel for scrap prices or less. However, it would wreck that tounge-and-groove floor that appears to be installed in the area. I can't tell enough about the details but that might be the easiest way to do it. If you were to remove the floor above you could reinforce the area by putting a 4x8 ft piece of 3/4" exterior grade plywood on top and bottom of the joists, running the direction of the joists, glued and screwed, to make it into a box girder. Those 2x4s that look like headers will not do anything but provide local support to the floor if they are cut off where they intersect that joist, and they will probably have to be removed to allow you to properly reinforce that joist. That joist with the notch looks like it is cut almost all the way through at the top. As described above, you don't want to put in as many nails as would be required without glue. The purpose of the nails is to clamp the parts together until the glue cures. The best repair to achieve both the strength and the stiffness of the original joist is to GLUE a reinforcement both above and below the cutout so the repaired joist has properties of an I-beam. There are special timber fasteners that are designed to carry greater loads but they are not practical for this application. Therefore, to develop the tension capability of a reinforcement to replace that material at the bottom of the beam where the notch is cut out would require 6300/150 = 42 nails ON EACH SIDE OF THE NOTCH.īolts are not any better because the limit of strength is the bearing strength of the wood. A 2x4 reinforcement with an area of 1.5 x 3.5 = 5.25 square inches, and an allowable tensile stress of about 1200 psi, has a tension capability of 6300 pounds.Ī 10d nail has a design load capability of maybe 150 pounds. You would still have a soft floor because you would need 9 of them to replace the stiffness.Ī reinforcement is not effective unless it is attached in a manner that transfers the load to the reinforcement. To replace the strength of the joist with 2x4s you would need 4 of them, and they would have to be secured to the joist adequately to carry the load across the cutout area. Therefore, a 2x8 at 7.5" deep is 4.6 times as strong and 9.8 times as stiff as a 2x4 that is 3.5" deep. The strength of a rectangular beam or joist varies as the square of the depth, and the stiffness to resist deflection varies as the cube of the depth. Here is some rationale for what works to reinforce a joist. If there is less than 3" of solid wood at an edge, add a reinforcement on one side. If the joist is cut through to the edge, put the reinforcement on both sides. The reinforcement should extend from the edge of the joist to the pipe. The easiest way to repair a situation that has been described would be to get some good quality kiln-dried 2x4s and 2圆s, a good supply of carpenters glue, and a framing nailer with lots of nails.Ĭut and fit pieces of the reinforcing material long enough to extend about 3 ft past the damaged area on both ends, and glue and nail them on the sides of the damaged joists. You would need to put that large number of fasteners in a steel strap to attach it securely to the wood. If you look at the splice plates on both sides of the lower chord of a wooden truss you get some idea of the number of fasteners required to connect to a wood structural member. Also, the strap doesn't replace the shear strength of the beam so it would be necessary to insert a substitute for the "web" of the beam and fasten that web to the steel. The problem is that it is very difficult to fasten the steel to the wood with enough fasteners to transfer the loads to the steel. Replacing some part with a piece fastened on, such as a steel strap on the bottom, is really making it into a composite joist. "Sistering" a damaged joist with steel requires engineering, unless you are replacing the full strength and stiffness with the "sistering" piece. |
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